Test your knowledge with exercises on cultural industry and mass culture with answers prepared by our expert teachers.
Question 1
The arts were subjected to a new servitude: the rules of the capitalist market and the ideology of the cultural industry, based on the idea and practice of consuming “cultural products” manufactured in series. Works of art are commodities, like everything that exists in capitalism.
Marilena Chauí, Invitation to Philosophy.
According to the text, one of the characteristics of the cultural industry is:
a) commercial exploitation of works of art.
b) the appreciation of the artist and his work of art.
c) censorship of works with critical content.
d) freedom of artistic creation.
Answer
Correct alternative: a) commercial exploitation of works of art.
The cultural industry is characterized by the manufacture of products, which have cultural elements, but are intended for the market.
Thus, the relevance of the work is understood from its market value and the possibility of generating profit for the commercialization.
Question 2
For Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, creators of the concept of “cultural industry”, it assumes an alienating character, preventing the development of critical thinking about the explorations suffered in daily life.
How is this alienation produced?
a) Creating an illusion about everyday life, easing the hard routine and developing the idea that everything is fine.
b) Creating cultural protection groups and developing actions that combat the homogeneity of cultural production.
c) Making the worker produce and consume only his own culture, oblivious to the others.
d) Homogenizing cultural production based on criteria stipulated by national governments.
Answer
Correct alternative: a) Creating an illusion about everyday life, easing the harsh routine and developing the idea that everything is fine.
For the authors, the cultural industry reproduces a series of similar works that, in addition to entertaining without reflection, convey to the consumer the idea that there is no alternative for everyday life, but that “in the end”, there will be a happy ending.
Question 3
Regarding the cultural industry, identify the incorrect alternative :
a) It allows the democratization of access to the work of art, but, as an effect, it generates the emptying of meaning and loss of quality in artistic production.
b) The cultural industry creates forms of domination through the reproduction of an alienating model aimed at conforming to everyday life.
c) Art geared towards the demands of the market tends to reproduce itself until exhaustion, as a product that is commercialized as long as there are consumers.
d) The cultural industry allows the autonomy of artists and a great complexity and diversity in productions.
Answer
Correct alternative: d) The cultural industry allows the autonomy of the artists and a great complexity and diversity in the productions.
Because the market is aimed at cultural products, they are easy to assimilate and consume. Thus, they demand the least possible effort, restricting the artist’s autonomy and creating homogeneous production models destined for profit.
Question 4
(Unitins / 2018) For the German philosophers and sociologists Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer, the cultural industry’s sole objective is the dependence and alienation of men. By making up the world in the ads she publishes, she seduces the masses into the consumption of cultural goods, so that they forget about the exploitation they suffer in the relations of production
ADORNO, Theodor; HORKHEIMER, Max. The cultural industry – enlightenment as mystification of the masses. In: Cultural industry and society. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2002.
Considering the given text, and according to the thinking of Adorno and Horkheimer, it is correct to state that:
I. The cultural industry uses patterns that are repeated with the purpose of forming an aesthetic aimed at consumerism and alienation.
II. The cultural industry promotes pseudo-satisfaction in individuals that prevents the development of a critical view.
III. The cultural industry makes individuals its object, distancing them from conscious autonomy.
IV. The cultural industry encourages the needs of the current system, leading individuals to practice incessant consumption.
What is stated in:
a) I, II, III and IV.
b) III and IV only.
c) I and II only.
d) II and III only.
e) I and IV only.
Answer
Correct alternative: a) I, II, III and IV.
Characteristics of the cultural industry are:
- Aesthetic standardization aimed at consumption with the alienation of the viewer as a system maintenance tool.
- Decreased critical sense and absence of alternatives, generating false satisfaction and the need to adapt to the system.
- Homogenization and loss of individualities absorbed by current standards.
- Dehumanization of individuals, generating an emptiness that tends to be filled by consumption.
Thus, all the alternatives presented are correct.
Question 5
Thus, the cultural industry, the mass media and mass culture emerge as functions of the phenomenon of industrialization. It is this, through the changes it produces in the mode of production and in the form of human labor, that determines a particular type of industry (cultural) and culture (mass), implanting in one and the other the same principles in force in production economic in general: the increasing use of the machine and the submission of the human work rhythm to the machine rhythm; the exploitation of the worker; the division of labor.
Teixeira Coelho. What is cultural industry. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1980.
For the author, the cultural industry and mass culture is directly linked to the mode of production:
a) Technician
b) Scientist
c) Capitalist
d) Socialist
Answer
Correct alternative: c) Capitalist
Cultural production suited to the capitalist mode of production is the foundation of cultural industry and mass culture. Thus, the central objective is not the quality of the product or the degree of freedom of creation, but is aimed at making a profit.
Question 6
For Walter Benjamin, the possibility of reproducing the work of art causes it to lose “aura”, assuming a new social function.
Thus, the technical reproducibility of the work of art would allow:
a) the loss of meaning in artistic production.
b) the democratization of access to art.
c) forgery of works.
d) the appreciation of the artist.
Answer
Correct alternative: b) the democratization of access to art.
In response to the theory developed by Adorno and Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin in his text The work of art in the age of its technical reproducibility (1935) calls attention to the possibility of democratizing art through the tools for its reproduction.
Art that can be copied and reproduced through radio, cinema, television or the press makes it possible to reach a much larger number of people.
Thus, art would lose its “aura”, would cease to be a ritual restricted to museums, theaters or sacralized spaces and would make easy access to the social class excluded from these spaces.
Question 7
Classical, popular and mass culture are perspectives related to the forms of production, consumption and appropriation of artistic production, related respectively to:
a) ruling class, traditional and consumer-oriented manifestations.
b) higher quality, low quality and no quality.
c) authentic demonstrations, training requirements and consumption-oriented production.
d) appreciation, consumption and reproduction.
Answer
Correct alternative: a) dominant class, traditional manifestations and focused on consumption.
Classical culture requires preparation and the cultural capital of the dominant strata. Popular culture, on the other hand, is based on the manifestation of society’s customs and traditions. While mass culture is the creation of cultural products aimed at immediate and mass consumption (on a large scale).
Question 8
The media play an important ideological role in maintaining the system through mass culture. The standardization of behaviors and acceptance of the current model is obtained from:
a) pluralism of ideas
b) control of public opinion
c) wide access to works of art
d) cultural Marxism
Answer
Correct alternative: b) control of public opinion
The media are the property of large companies that, in the capitalist system, seek profit. Thus, the control of public opinion is a tool for maintaining its consumer market.
Controlled individuals tend to maintain their pattern of behavior and consumption, generating profit and maintaining the current system.
Question 9
For Walter Benjamin, advertising is a reflection of the change in the relationship between individuals and art. This is because advertising:
a) it is a new art form.
b) it is used to promote art exhibitions.
c) appropriates exclusive elements of the arts for marketing purposes.
d) develops the critical sense and selectivity of what is consumed.
Answer
Correct alternative: c) appropriates exclusive elements of the arts for marketing purposes.
Advertising appropriates expressions, passions and feelings that were previously developed through the work of art. Thus, they create a model to seduce the viewer and generate their adherence to the proposed ideas.
Thus, advertising becomes a tool for the propagation of ideologies, often aimed at the development of the market.
Question 10
(Enem / 2016) Today, the cultural industry has taken on the civilizing heritage of democracy from pioneers and entrepreneurs, who also had not developed a sense of meaning for spiritual deviations. Everyone is free to dance and have fun, just as, since the historic neutralization of religion, they are free to enter any of the countless sects. But the freedom of choice of ideology, which always reflects economic coercion, is revealed in all sectors as the freedom to choose what is always the same.
ADORNO, T HORKHEIMER, M. Dialectic of enlightenment: philosophical fragments. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1985.
Freedom of choice in Western civilization, according to the analysis of the text, is a
a) social legacy.
b) political heritage.
c) product of morality.
d) conquest of humanity.
e) illusion of contemporaneity.
Answer
Correct alternative: e) illusion of contemporaneity.
For the authors, the cultural industry is responsible for the false feeling of freedom of choice generated. The apparent variety of cultural products conceals a homogenization of content and control over actions aimed at maintaining the current system.
Thus, a characteristic of our times is the alienation of individuals, who live under the illusion that they are free to choose, but, in fact, they can only opt for patterns of life and consumption previously determined by the system.