The Arcadian in Portugal began in 1756 with the founding of Arcadia Lusitania in the capital: Lisbon.
After the Baroque artistic movement, Portuguese arcade was inspired by the Italian Arcadia, founded in 1690.
It is worth remembering that Arcádia was a literary academy that brought together writers committed to presenting a new style, removed from the previous one: the Baroque.
In such a way, arcade was marked by a less elaborate and extravagant art that represented the previous movement.
Portuguese Arcadism ended in 1825, with the publication of the poem “ Camões ”, by Almeida Garrett, which inaugurates a new phase: Romanticism.
The biggest highlight in Portuguese Arctic production were poems, with Bocage being one of the greatest representatives.
Arcádia Lusitânia was founded by the poets Cruz e Silva, Manuel Nicolau Esteves Negrão and Teotónio Gomes de Carvalho, extinguishing in 1776. In its place, Nova Arcádia was created in 1790 in Lisbon.
Arcade Movement
Arcadism (18th century or Neoclassicism) is a literary school committed to presenting a simple and bucolic lifestyle, far from urban centers.
Thus, he proposes the search for balance and return to the classics, the main concepts being:
- Fugere Urbem : city escape
- Locus Amoenus : pleasant place
- Aurea Mediocritas : balance of another
- Useless Truncat : cut the useless
- Carpe Diem : seize the moment
Historical Context: Summary
In the 18th century and the Enlightenment ideals archaic literary school emerged. The “century of lights”, as it is called, was marked by technological, scientific and social advancement and development, which profoundly influenced European culture.
In Portugal, the country was going through a phase of transformations and renovations after the Restoration War, which granted Independence to the country that had been under Spanish rule since 1580.
In addition to economic, political and social restructuring, reforms in the field of education were essential to foster a spirit of renewal and encouragement for scientific studies.
Thus, arcadism gives way to reason, leaving aside a little, the religiosity that was still possible to find in the Baroque.
Arcadian Characteristics
The main characteristics of arcade are:
- Objectivity and rationalism
- Simple language
- Bucolism (country life) and pastoralism
- Simplicity and exaltation of nature
- Criticism of the bourgeoisie and urban centers
- Use of pseudonyms
Authors and Works
The main authors of Portuguese arcade were:
- Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage (1765-1805): “Death of D. Ignez de Castro”, “Elegia”, “Maritime Idylls”.
- António Dinis da Cruz e Silva (1731-1799): “O Hissope”, “Odes Pindáricas”, “A Degolação do Baptista”.
- Pedro António Correia Garção (1724-1772): “Obras Poéticas”, “Teatro Novo” and “Assembleia ou Partida”.
- Marquesa de Alorna (1750-1839): “Poetic Works” (six volumes).
- Francisco José Freire (1719-1773): “Vieira Defendido”, “Poetic Art or Rules of True Poetry”, “Poetic and Critical Letters (…) of Poetry (…) and Poets”.
- Domingos dos Reis Quita (1728-1770): “Obras Poéticas” (two volumes of the complete work).
- Nicolau Tolentino de Almeida (1740-1811): “Miscellaneous Curious and Profitable”, “Stroll”, “Lovers”.
- Filinto Elísio (1734-1819): “Complete Works”.