Autophagy refers to the process of degradation and recycling of cell components. All cells perform autophagy.
Initially, scientists believed that autophagy induced cell death. Today, it is known that it is a process that guarantees cell survival.
The term autophagy derives from the Greek and means “to eat itself”, that is, the cell digests parts of itself. Autophagy can occur when the body lacks food and energy reserves. At that moment, the cell begins to digest its parts, as a way to guarantee its survival.
Autophagy also occurs when there is a need to eliminate healthy or tumor cells, promoting the recycling of their components. For example, autophagy eliminates worn or aged organelles, renewing their components.
Autophagy is an important process in cellular metabolism, because it maintains the balance between the synthesis and degradation of cellular products.
The term autophagy was first used in 1963 by the biochemist Christian de Duve, who discovered lysosomes and their relationship to the recycling of cell components. This discovery earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
In 2016, scientist Yoshinori Ohsumi received the Nobel Prize for Medicine, he discovered the mechanism of autophagy.
In 1990, Yoshinori started his research on autophagy, he was able to identify 15 essential genes for autophagy. Your study of autophagy will contribute to a better understanding of cancer and neurological diseases.
How does autophagy occur?
The autophagy process begins with the production of proteins that bind until they form membranes. The material to be ingested is surrounded by the membranes, forming the autophagosome.
The autophagosome merges with the lysosome , where the material is digested by the action of enzymes, with digestion taking place.
In some situations, autolysis can occur that will lead to cell death. Autolysis consists of the rupture of lysosomes, with the release of digestive enzymes in the cytoplasm and destroying the entire cellular content. We can say that autolysis is self-digestion of the cell.