The Catharsis is a philosophical concept that means cleansing and purification. This concept is very broad, since it is used in several branches of knowledge: arts, psychology, medicine, religion, education, among others.
From the Greek, the term catharsis ( kátharsis ) means “purification”.
Catharsis in Philosophy
For the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC), the concept of catharsis, portrayed in his work “ Poetic Art ”, represented the purification of souls.
It occurred through a great discharge of feelings and emotions, provoked by the visualization of theatrical works: tragedies or dramas.
When the public came into contact with poetic language, the audience was able to capture such emotions (terror, fear and pity) and thus, free themselves from theirs.
In this sense, Aristotle approaches the concept of catharsis in the arts. Over the years, the concept of catharsis has been expanding and today, it is part of several areas of knowledge, however, all of them derive from the conception presented by the Greek philosopher.
Catharsis in the Arts
Catharsis in the arts corresponds to the feeling of “cleanliness, lightness, renewal and purification” that the human being reaches when he comes into contact with some artistic work. We can mention painting, music, cinema, theater, dance, etc.
In other words, catharsis in the arts represents the release of emotional tension and that provides strong emotions in addition to the feeling of relief.
Catharsis in Literature
Literature is the art of words and, like other artistic modalities, it conveys the feeling of purging or purifying caused by catharsis.
So, when we read some literary text that causes us too much emotion and reflection, we may have been touched by a cathartic process.
Catharsis in Pedagogy and Education
The concept of catharsis is also explored in the field of education and, therefore, in educational processes.
In this sense, the cathartic process occurs when students absorb and acquire the necessary tools to act as citizens, as well as reflect on their social practices.
In Historical-Critical Pedagogy (PHC), catharsis is a concept that has been explored by several thinkers. The Italian Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) deserves mention. According to him, catharsis:
“(…) indicates the passage from the purely economic and corporate (or egoistic-possessive) movement to the ethical-political movement, that is, the superior elaboration of the superstructure [infrastructure] in the consciousness of men. The transition from “objective to subjective” and “need for freedom.”
Catharsis in Religion
Catharsis is a concept also observed in several religions. Roughly speaking, it represents the purification of the soul, the deliverance from all sins and the communion with God.
The cathartic process can occur, for example, during a prayer, religious celebration or confession. Thus, in different cults it is possible to visualize individual or collective catharsis (religious ecstasy).
From that, people go into a trance, have visions, cry desperately or are too happy.
Learn more about the theme: Religion
Catharsis in Psychology and Medicine
In psychology, catharsis is a concept that is closely related to freedom and healing from trauma, fears and illness.
In such a way, cathartic processes occur in patients at the moment when they overcome some trauma, fear or disturbance, through a psychic liberation.
In medicine, catharsis is associated with the functions of the digestive system, being a term used to indicate the emptying of the intestine through evacuation.
Catharsis for Freud
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), an Austrian psychoanalyst, introduced the concept of catharsis in psychology. This, after observing the cathartic states provoked in the hypnotic processes carried out in patients who sought to cure fears and traumas.
From this, Sigmund founds a branch of psychology called “Psychoanalysis”. It is based on the idea of exploring the “human psyche” through dialogue and the free association of ideas.
For Freud, patients did not need to be hypnotized to achieve catharsis. That is, it could occur during a conversation between the psychoanalyst and the patient.
In this way, in the conversation with the psychoanalyst, the patient would relieve his psychic disturbances, aroused by various emotions and sensations that were repressed.