David Hume was a Scottish philosopher, historian, essayist and diplomat, one of the most important modern philosophers of the Enlightenment.
His thoughts were revolutionary, which led him to be accused of heresy by the Catholic Church for having ideas associated with atheism and skepticism. For this reason, his works were added to the “Index of Prohibited Books” ( Index Librorum Prohibitorum ).
Inspired by the philosophical currents of empiricism and skepticism , Hume was a critic of Cartesian rationalism in which knowledge was associated with reason. His ideas were inspiring for several later philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant and Augusto Comte.
Biography: Summary
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1711, Hume was a member of a Scottish noble family and from an early age showed an interest in the arts and philosophy.
He studied law at the University of Edinburgh between 1724 and 1726. Since he was not very interested in the course, Hume deepened his knowledge of literature, economics and philosophy. In the words of the philosopher: ” an insurmountable aversion to everything other than the pursuits of philosophy and knowledge in general”.
It was in France, in 1748, that he wrote his Magnus Opus: Essay on Human Understanding. In addition to being a writer, he held public positions, was a merchant, professor and librarian. He died in 1776, aged 65 in his hometown.
Construction
Hume was an avid reader and writer and his works deserve to be highlighted:
- Treaty of Human Nature (1739-40)
- Moral and Political Essays (1742)
- Essay on Human Understanding (1748)
- The English Letters (1748)
- Investigations on the Moral Principle (1751)
- Political Speeches (1752)
- The History of England (1754-62)
- Natural History of Religion (1757)
- My Life (1776)
Theory of Knowledge
Hume developed his theory through an experimental method of reasoning. For the philosopher, knowledge is developed through the sensitive experience of the human being, which is divided into two parts: impressions and ideas.
The first would be associated with the human being’s senses (sight, touch, hearing, smell and taste), while the second would be associated with mental representations resulting from impressions
This theory was analyzed in his most emblematic work “Essay on Human Understanding”, published in 1748
Empiricism and Rationalism
The empiricism is a philosophical movement based on experience and scientific knowledge, which in turn, criticizes metaphysics where there is no trial.
In this case, empiricism criticizes faith or common sense as a generator of knowledge, since it has no scientific basis. In short, for Hume, impressions would be the causes of ideas.
The rationalism , in turn, differs from empiricism in that it is based on the development of knowledge through the sciences and not sensitive experiences.