The pronouns in English ( Pronouns ), according to the role they play in the sentence, are classified into:
- personal pronouns ( personal pronouns )
- possessive pronouns ( possessive pronouns )
- demonstrative pronouns ( demonstrative pronouns )
- reflexive pronouns ( reflexive pronouns )
- indefinite pronouns ( indefinite pronouns )
- relative pronouns ( relative pronouns )
- interrogative pronouns ( interrogative pronouns )
It is important to note that pronouns are words that replace or accompany nouns or even another pronoun.
Classification of Pronouns
Personal Pronouns ( Personal Pronouns )
The personal pronouns are terms that indicate people, places and objects. They are classified into:
- Personal Pronouns of the Straight Case ( Subject Pronouns ): work as subjects , for example: She is beautiful. (She is beautiful.)
- Personal Pronouns of the Oblique Case ( Object Pronouns ): work as objects , for example: Juan wants to meet her. (Juan wants to meet you.)
Subject Pronouns
| Subject Pronouns | Translation |
|---|---|
| I | me |
| You | you |
| He | he |
| She | she |
| It (neutral) | he, she |
| We | we |
| You | you, you |
| They | they |
Object Pronouns
| Object Pronouns | Translation |
|---|---|
| Me | me, me |
| You | you, the, the, you, you |
| Him | him, the, him |
| Her | her, her |
| It | you, the, the |
| Us | we |
| You | you, them, you |
| Them | them, the |
Possessive pronouns ( Possessive Pronouns )
Possessive pronouns in English , like in Portuguese, indicate that something belongs to someone or something. They are classified into adjectives and substantive pronouns.
Adjective Pronouns ( Possessive Adjectives ): unlike the Portuguese language, adjectives are not inflected in degree (singular and plural). They are always accompanied by nouns, modifying them.
Example: My house is located on Avenue de Paris (My house is located on Avenue de Paris).
| Possessive Adjectives | Translation |
|---|---|
| My | my, my |
| Your | yours, yours, yours, yours |
| His | his |
| Her | her |
| Its (neutral) | his, hers |
| Our | our our |
| Your | yours, yours, yours, yours |
| Their (neutral) | their their |
Nouns pronouns ( Possessive Pronouns ): possessive nouns pronouns have to replace the noun function, unlike the adjectives pronouns, which are always connected to it.
They do not suffer degree inflection (singular and plural), as occurs in the Portuguese language.
Example: These bikes are mine. (These bikes are mine.)
| Possessive Pronouns | Translation |
|---|---|
| Mine | my, my |
| Yours | yours, yours, yours, yours |
| His | his |
| Hers | her |
| Its (neutral) | his, hers |
| Ours | our our |
| Yours | yours, yours, yours, yours |
| Theirs (neutral) | their their |
Reflexive pronouns ( Reflexive Pronouns )
The reflexive pronouns are those that appear after the verb, always agreeing with the subject of prayer.
They are words constructed with the suffixes “- self ” (in the singular) and “- selves ” (in the plural).
Examples:
I promised myself to study hard ( I promised myself to study hard)
Maria sent herself a copy (Maria sent a copy to herself)
| Reflexive Pronouns | Translation |
|---|---|
| Myself | myself, me |
| Yourself | you, yourself, yourself, yourself |
| Himself | yourself, yourself, yourself |
| Herself | yourself, yourself, yourself |
| Itself | yourself, yourself |
| Ourselves | ourselves, ourselves |
| Yourselves | to you, yourselves, yourself |
| Theself | themselves, themselves, themselves, |
Check below a table of pronouns in English, with the correspondences of the different classifications.
Demonstrative pronouns ( Demonstrative Pronouns )
The demonstrative pronouns are words that indicate something (person, place or object) and, according to the syntactic function that carry the phrase, they are classified into:
- Demonstrative Pronouns (noun pronouns), which replace the noun, for example: Give me this book.
- Demonstrative Adjectives (adjectives) that describe the noun, for example: That pen is yours; this is mine (This pen is yours; this is mine)
| Demonstrative Pronouns | Translation |
|---|---|
| This | this, this, this (singular) |
| These | these, these (plural) |
| That | this, that, that, that, that, that (singular) |
| Those | these, these, those, those (plural) |
Indefinite Pronouns ( Indefinite Pronouns )
The indefinite pronouns are given this name since they replace or accompany the noun, in an imprecise or indeterminate manner.
However, according to their role in the sentences, they are classified into:
- Indefinite Pronouns (noun pronouns).
- Indefinite Adjectives .
Examples:
Tell me something. (Tell me something.)
None of themis mine. (None of them are mine.)
| Indefinite Pronouns | Translation |
|---|---|
| Any | any, any, some, some, some (s) |
| Anybody / anyone | someone, nobody, anyone |
| Anything | anything, anything, nothing |
| Anywhere | somewhere, anywhere |
| Anyway | any way, any way |
| Some | some, some, some (s), about, right, right |
| Somebody / someone | someone |
| Something | something |
| No (adjective pronoun) / none (noun pronoun) | none, none |
| Nobody / no one | no one |
| Nowhere | nowhere |
| Nothing | nothing |
| Much | very, very |
| Many | many, many |
| Little | little, little |
| Few | few, few |
| All | all (s), all (s), everything |
| One | some, some, we, right, a certain |
| Each | each |
| Every | all (s), all (s), each |
| Other | other, other |
| Another | another, another |
| Either | one or the other, one or the other, each |
| Neither | neither one nor the other, neither of the two (two) |
| Both | both, both |
| Enough | quite |
| Several | several, several |
| Every / everyone | all (all people) |
| Everything | all |
Relative Pronouns ( Relative Pronouns )
The relative pronouns are words that perform the function of subject or object, for example:
It’s an old man who lives here. (It’s an old man who lives here.)
When we get to town, let’s find John. (When we get to the city, we will find John.)
| Relative Pronouns | Translation |
|---|---|
| Who | who, which |
| Whose | whose whose whose whose |
| Which | that, which, what |
| Onde | where, in what, in what, in which, in which, in which |
| When | when, in which, in which, in which, in which |
| That | what |
| What | what |
Pronouns Interrogatives ( Interrogative Pronouns )
Interrogative pronouns, also called ” Question Words “, are those words used to ask questions, for example:
Who is that woman? (Who is that woman?)
How many cups of coffee do you drink a day? (How many cups of coffee do you drink per day?)
| Interrogative Pronouns | Translation |
|---|---|
| Who | who (subject function) |
| Whom | who (object function) |
| Whose | from who |
| Why | why |
| Which | which, which |
| What | what, what |
| Onde | Where |
| When | When |
| How | like |
Exercises
Do the exercises below and test your knowledge of English pronouns:
1. (UFGD MS / 2016) Read an excerpt from Edgar Allan Poe’s poem and the following statements.
The Raven (by Edgar Allan Poe)
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door .
“’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door—
Only this and nothing more.”
Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December;
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
Eagerly I wished the morrow; —vainly I had sought to borrow
From my books surcease of sorrow — sorrow for the lost Lenore—
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore—
Nameless HERE for evermore.
I. Edgar Allan Poe’s poem is in the first person singular.
II. The passage “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary”, can be translated as “Once, in a dismal midnight, while meditating, weak and tired”.
III. Bleak in “Distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December” can be replaced by black, without losing the effect of meaning.
IV. The pronoun relative to whom in “For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore refers to angels”.
Is only correct what is stated in
a) I and IV
b) II, III and IV
c) I and II
d) III
e) I, II and IV
Answer
Correct alternative: c) I and II.
2. (UNIOESTE PR / 2015)
Seven portions of fruit and vegetables are better for you
For many years, the nutrition message has been “five a day” – the recommendation that five portions of fruit and vegetables are enough to keep disease at bay and help us to live longer. That advice has been revised upwards. A new study suggests that people who get seven or more portions a day are healthier. Researchers from University College London studied the dietary habits of 65,000 adults over a seven-year period. They concluded that: “A robust inverse association exists between fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality, with benefits seen in up to 7-plus portions daily.” In other words, if you eat more fruit and vegetables, chances are you live longer.
The researchers put people into five different groups, depending on how much fruit and veg they even. They found that those who up to seven or more portions a day had a 42 percent lower risk of death than those who up to just one portion. They recommended that schools serve healthier meals and that supermarkets put more emphasis on prominently displaying cheaper produce. They warned that frozen and canned fruit was linked to higher mortality rates. Some experts say the findings of the study should be taken with a pinch of salt. One dietician said the findings ignored the fact that people who eat more fruit and veg are generally wealthier and thus lead lifestyles that will help them live longer anyway.
In the phrase “They found that those who up to seven or more portions a day…”, the pronoun “they” refers to:
a) different groups.
b) vegetables.
c) people.
d) fruits.
e) researchers.
Answer
Correct alternative: e) researchers.
3. (UNIFOR CE / 2001)
Robotic Engineers:
Engineers [TO BE] needed to build robots that do everything from assembling machinery to caring for aging parents.
Tech Teachers:
As technology use increases in all industries, more adulteducation teachers are needed to give workers the skills to survive. About half of all adults are currently enrolled in an adult-education class.
Tech Support:
Technology isn’t infallible, and skilled workers who can fix frustrating problems are rarely needed. Estimates show a 222 percentage boost in computer-support jobs by 2008.
In the text, the pronoun who
a) is correctly employed for referring to a person.
b) it is incorrect because it is not a relative pronoun.
c) it is correctly used because it is a possessive pronoun.
d) should be replaced by which because it refers to a person.
e) should be replaced by which because it refers to a material object.
Answer
Correct alternative: a) it is correctly employed for referring to a person.