Prehistory is the period of humanity’s past that goes from the appearance of man to the invention of writing and that spans millions of years.
The origin of humanity is the subject of research by archaeologists, paleontologists, geologists and biologists.
His research is based on traces that have survived in time, such as fossils, rock paintings, utensils of daily use, remains of bonfire, etc.
These traces are found in caves or buried under different layers of soil.
Division of Prehistory
Prehistory is divided into two major periods: the Stone Age and the Metal Age.
- Stone Age – is between the appearance of the first hominids and more or less 10,000 BC. For the purpose of study it is also divided:
- Paleolithic Period or Chipped Stone Age (from the emergence of mankind to 8000 BC);
- Neolithic Period or Polished Stone Age (from 8000 BC to 5000 BC);
- Age of Metals (5000 BC until the appearance of writing, around 3500 BC).
Paleolithic
Paleolithic is the most extensive period in the Prehistory of mankind, between its appearance, around 4.4 million years, until 8000 BC
At that time, men lived in packs and helped each other in obtaining food, through hunting, fishing and the collection of fruits, roots and eggs, which forced them to a nomadic life .
The low temperature leads the groups of hominids to take shelter in caves and to build houses with tree branches and to share the use of rivers, forests and lakes.
The instruments used, at first, were made of bone and wood , then splinters of stone and ivory . They made axes, knives and other sharp instruments.
An important discovery in this period was the domain of fire . It is estimated that fire started to be controlled by mankind 500,000 years ago, in East Africa.
With their control, the groups started to warm up from the cold, to cook food, to defend themselves against the ferocious animals, to illuminate the night etc.
Around 30000 BC, Homo sapiens perfected the technique of hunting and fishing, invented the bow and arrow and created the art of painting.
Around 18000 BC the Earth underwent climatic and geological transformations.
These transformations, which lasted thousands of years, significantly changed the animal and plant life on the planet and altered the relationship between man and nature. The man entered a period called Neolithic.
Neolithic
In the Neolithic period, new climatic changes changed the vegetation. The difficulties in hunting increased and they settled on the banks of the rivers, which contributed to the development of agriculture, with the planting of wheat, barley and oats.
They learned to domesticate some animals and to raise cattle. The first population clusters emerged, with a mainly defensive purpose.
His objects became better finished because the stone, after being chipped, was rubbed on the ground or in the sand until it became polished .
They developed the art of ceramics , making large pots to keep the surplus from agricultural production .
They developed the techniques of spinning and weaving for making wool and linen fabrics, replacing the costumes made with animal skins.
The first works appeared on non-hard metals, such as copper and gold. Journeys by land and sea began.
The social organization, called primitive community, was based on the ties of blood, language and customs.
The final phase of the Neolithic period was characterized by the disintegration of the primitive community system and the origin of societies organized into states and divided into different social strata.
Age of Metals
The development of metal casting techniques allowed the progressive abandonment of stone instruments.
The first metal to be melted was copper, later tin. From the fusion of these two metals, bronze emerged, harder and more resistant, with which they made swords, spears, etc. Around 3000 BC bronze was produced in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Iron metallurgy is later. It starts around 1500 BC, in Asia Minor. As it is a more difficult ore to be worked, it spread slowly.
Due to its superiority in the manufacture of armaments, iron contributed to the supremacy of the peoples who knew how to use it for this purpose.