The Modern State arose from the union of the various feuds existing on the European continent.
The formation of the Modern State is divided, for purposes of studies, into four phases: the modern state, the liberal state, the crisis in the liberal state and the liberal democratic state.
It was born in the 15th century, with the development of mercantile capitalism registered in Portugal, France, England and Spain.
In the four nations, the Modern State emerged from the second half of the 15th century and, later, is also registered in Italy.
The model that became known as the Modern State emerges from the crisis in Feudalism . In the feudal model, there were no centralized national states. The feudal lords were the ones who controlled the political powers over the lands and exercised a diluted force, without a nucleus.
Each feud had its own political autonomy. He could also be subject to a larger kingdom, as was the case with the Germanic Holy Roman Empire, the English sovereign and the Pope.
The power of the feudal lords was shared with the government of the medieval autonomous cities, which were known as communes.
The communes had autonomy to regulate trade, impose taxes, guarantee citizens’ freedom and control judicial processes.
From the 14th centuries and the first half of the 15th, the crisis of the feudal system began to occur as a result of the social revolts of the peasants and the evolution of trade in Europe.
The bourgeoisie starts to demand elements that guarantee its political, economic and social evolution. Thus, there is an urgent need for a stable government with the centralization of services to the population.
The bourgeoisie also fought against high taxes on goods and the diversity of currencies.
The Modern State is the result of a process of about three centuries to establish itself. His first phase is monarchical absolutism. Through the centralization of power in the monarchy, the equipping of the armed forces, the legal structure and the structuring of tax collection begins to be developed.
The monarchy also allows the formation of the infrastructure that guarantees the public machinery and creates the conditions for the appearance of the bureaucratic body.
Characteristics of the Modern State
- One power;
- One army;
- Sovereign authority of the king for the whole territory;
- Unified administration;
- Creation of the bureaucratic system.
Modern State in Portugal
The first kingdom to use the Modern State model was Portugal. There, political centralization occurred as a result of military campaigns of the War of the Reconquest .
The conflict, waged against Muslims, also guaranteed the independence of Castile in the 12th century.
The Avis Revolution guaranteed the consolidation of the Modern State in Portugal in 1385. With the support of the bourgeoisie, D. João, the Master of Avis, defeated Dona Leonor Teles, who had the support of the Portuguese nobility and the kingdom of Castile.
D. João was crowned king of Portugal and this organization is among the decisive factors for the European maritime expansion .
Modern State in Spain, France and England
In Spain, the formation of the Modern State occurred as a consequence of the War of the Reconquest and the union of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile in 1469. Consolidation occurred in 1492, with the expulsion of the Moors from the region of Granada.
In France, on the other hand, the victory over England in the Hundred Years War (1337 – 1453) established the bases for the consolidation of the Modern State.
As for England, it went through the process after the War of the Two Roses (1455 – 1485) that guaranteed the supremacy of the sovereign.