The colonial Brazil , in the history of Brazil, is the time which covers the period 1530-1822.
This period began when the Portuguese government sent the first colonizing expedition led by Martim Afonso de Souza to Brazil.
In 1532, he founded the first settlement center, Vila de São Vicente, on the coast of the current state of São Paulo.
Pre-Colonial Period
Soon after the arrival of the Portuguese in their new colony, the first economic activity revolved around the exploitation of brazilwood, which existed in large quantities on the Brazilian coast, mainly in the northeast of the country. This period became known as the Cycle of Pau-Brasil .
The exploitation of brazilwood was purely extractive and did not give rise to an effective occupation.
The work of cutting down trees and preparing the wood for shipping was done by the indigenous people and a few Europeans who remained in factories on the coast.
Exploited in a predatory way, the trees near the coast disappeared as early as the 1520s.
The Beginning of Colonization
Several expeditions were sent through Portugal, with the aim of recognizing the entire Brazilian coast and fighting French pirates and merchants.
The most important were those commanded by Cristóvão Jacques (1516 and 1526), who fought the French.
Martim Afonso de Sousa (1532) also fought French piracy. In the same way, he installed in São Vicente, the first village with a sugar mill .
In order to colonize Brazil and guarantee the possession of the land, in 1534, the Crown divided the territory into 15 hereditary captaincies . These were immense plots of land that stretched from the coast to the limit established by the Treaty of Tordesillas .
These plots were donated to captains (donataries), belonging to the Portuguese nobility who, on their own account, promoted local defense and colonization.
The sugar company was chosen because it presented the possibility of becoming a highly profitable enterprise, supplying the large sugar market in Europe.
It was in the northeast of the country that the sugar industry reached its highest degree of development, mainly in the captaincies of Pernambuco and Bahia.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Northeast became the dynamic center of Brazil’s social, political and economic life.
The General Government
The General Government system was created in 1548, by the Crown, with the objective of organizing the colonial administration .
The first governor was Tomé de Souza (1549-1553), who received a set of laws from the Portuguese government. These determined the administrative, judicial, military and tax functions of the General Government.
The second governor general was Duarte da Costa (1553 to 1558), and the third was Mem de Sá (1558 to 1572).
In 1572, after the death of Mem de Sá and his successor Dom Luís de Vasconcelos, the Portuguese government divided Brazil into two governments whose unification only returned in 1578:
- Northern Government, based in Salvador
- Southern Government, based in Rio de Janeiro
In 1580, Portugal and all its colonies, including Brazil, came under Spain, a situation that lasted until 1640. This period is known as Iberian Unification .
In 1621, still under Spanish rule, Brazil was again divided into two states: the State of Maranhão and the State of Brazil. This division lasted until 1774, when the Marquis of Pombal decreed the unification.
The Social Formation of Colony Brazil
Fundamentally three large ethnic groups, the Indian, black African and European white, mainly Portuguese, entered the formation of Brazilian colonial society.
The Portuguese who came to Brazil belonged to various social classes in Portugal. Most were made up of members of the gentry and the people.
It is also necessary to take into account that the indigenous tribes had different languages and cultures. Some were enemies with each other and this was used by Europeans when they wished to wage war against the Portuguese.
Likewise, blacks brought as slaves from Africa had beliefs, languages and values that were being absorbed by the Portuguese and indigenous people.
In Colonial Brazil, the mill was the dynamic center of all social life. This made it possible for the “lord of the big house” to concentrate large numbers of individuals around him and to have maximum authority, prestige and local power.
Around the mill lived the mulattos, usually sons of the masters with slaves, the priest, the black slaves, the overseer, the sugar master, the free workers, etc.
Threats to the Portuguese Domain
In the first years after the discovery, the presence of pirates and French merchants on the Brazilian coast was constant.
The French invasion took place in 1555, when they conquered Rio de Janeiro, founding ” France Antarctica “, being expelled in 1567.
In 1612, the French invaded Maranhão, founded ” Equinocial France ” and the settlement of São Luís there, where they remained until 1615, when they were expelled again.
English attacks in Brazil were limited to assaults by pirates and privateers who ransacked some ports. They invaded the cities of Santos and Recife and the coast of Espírito Santo.
The two Dutch invasions in Brazil took place during the period when Portugal and Brazil were under Spanish rule. Bahia, the seat of the General Government of the state of Brazil, was invaded, but the Dutch presence was short-lived (1624-1625).
In 1630, the captaincy of Pernambuco, the largest sugar center in the colony, was invaded by Dutch troops.
The conquest was consolidated in 1637, with the arrival of the Dutch ruler Count Maurice of Nassau . He managed to establish Dutch dominance in Pernambuco and extend it to almost all of northeastern Brazil.
The city of Recife, the administrative center, was urbanized, sanitized, paved, bridges, palaces and gardens were built. The government of Mauritius de Nassau came to an end in 1644, but the Dutch were expelled only in 1654.
The Century of Gold and Diamonds
The search for precious metals has always been the colonists’ dream. The discoveries began in the 1690s, in the region of Minas Gerais.
From then on it spread to several parts of the national territory. In the 18th century, mining was the major source of wealth for the metropolis.
The Gold and Diamond Cycle were responsible for profound changes in the life of colonial Brazil, with urban growth and trade.
The Colonial System Crisis
In 1640, Portugal counted only on the income of Brazil. That is why it began to exercise stricter control over tax collection and economic activities, even banning trade with foreigners.
Discontent with the metropolis’ economic policy led to some revolts, among them:
- Beckman revolt (1684), in Maranhão
- Guerra dos Emboabas (1708-1709), in Minas Gerais
- War of the Peddlers (1710), in Pernambuco
At the end of the 18th century, the movements that aimed to free the colony from Portuguese rule began, among them:
- Inconfidência Mineira (1789)
- Bahia Conjuration (1798)
At the beginning of the 19th century, the conditions for Brazilian emancipation were ripe. The conjuncture created by the Napoleonic Wars and the English Industrial Revolution also contributed.
With the invasion of Portugal, the seat of the kingdom was transferred to Brazil. In 1822, the decisive step was taken to consolidate the Independence of Brazil .