Hockey. It is the oldest known ball and stick game. It was played in Persia in 2000 BC . Hockey is a family of sports in which two teams compete to bring a hard ball or a rubber puck to the opponent’s goal to score a goal with the help of a long stick called a stick. There are several modalities but the most important are: on ice, on skates and on grass.
History
Hockey is the oldest known running and ball sport . Historical evidence is available that places the practice of this game in Persia in 2000 BC. In Europe of the Middle Ages , the windows of the cathedrals of Canterbury and Glouscester showed scenes of men playing with sticks as sticks . During that time, in England the practice of this game was prohibited for some years, because it represented serious competition to archery, which at that time was the basis of the country’s defense system.
Origin
The name hockey comes from the French term “hocquet”, or shepherd’s crook, in reference to the curved shape of the stick. For 30 years India dominated this discipline, achieving a total of 6 Olympic gold medals and winning 30 consecutive matches between 1928 and 1956 . Balbir Singh, the first of a total of five players with the same name and all members of the Indian team, scored 5 goals in the 1952 Olympic final match against the Netherlands, with a final score of 6 to 1.
the beginning
The beginnings of hockey as a sport date back to the final years of the 19th century . The first hockey club, the Blackheath Football and Hockey Club in South East London , was created in 1861 , from the 1840s . The first groups were formed in Great Britain , where the National Hockey Union emerged, located in the Bristol region from 1887 to 1895 . The official national body, the Amateur Hockey Association, was founded in London in 1886At first it was developed as a properly British sport, and later it spread throughout the rest of the world, when soldiers and settlers exported it throughout the British Empire. Most of the nations with superior teams in this discipline were at one time part of that empire, for example India, Pakistan , New Zealand and England .
Field hockey
The natural or artificial grass terrain ( synthetic grass with water or sand) without skates of any kind, with a stick (known as a stick), which has a flat face and a curve, with an almost solid plastic ball approximately the size of a baseball . This ball is commonly called a bocha (in parts of South America ) or a ball in Spain .
The teams are made up of 11 players, including a player who must put on a protective helmet and will be called a goalkeeper (goalkeeper) In addition to the mandatory helmet, they can wear protective equipment consisting of feet, guards, bib, squat, and two gloves, a shirt and a boxer, normally.
The control of the game is carried out by two referees jointly, who have in their possession 3 types of sanction cards: green , yellow and red. Green is usually used primarily as a warning and following the new FIH rules carries a 2 minute expulsion. The yellow one forces the admonished player to leave the field of play for a time determined by the referee who sanctions him, which can be between 5 minutes (if it is for repeated foul) or 10 if it is for serious foul and the remainder of time party.
This player, while cautioned, cannot speak to the referees or to the other players. The yellow card is used when a player who already had green repeats the commission of the foul that caused his first warning, or when, not having it, he committed a serious foul, but not enough to deserve a red card, the which would send him off (such as hitting the referee or an opposing player). According to the new rules, two yellows lead to one red, just like football .
The field is 100 yards long and 60 yards wide. The length of the field is divided into 4 rooms. In the extreme areas are the areas of each team, which are shaped like a semicircle with a radius of approximately 14 meters. There is also an area marked with a broken line 5 yards outside the area. When there is an offensive foul in this zone (between the broken line and the box), all players, both attacking and defending, must be at least 5 yards from the zone of execution of the foul. Outside this zone, only the defending team must be at least 5 yards away.
Intentional fouls within the area and fouls that directly prevent a goal will be penalized with a penalty (Penalty Stroke). Unintentional fouls in the penalty area and intentional fouls within the 25-yard zone (extreme quarters) will be penalized with a penalty corner (Penalty Corner). In this play, 5 players from the defending team participate, and the necessary players from the attacking team.
While the flat face of the club is used to stop, pass and hit the ball, the use of the curved face of the club is prohibited. The stick is carried with the left hand at the end, and the right hand in the middle (to hold the stick). His tactic is similar to that of football, except that there is no offside here. For a goal to be valid, a striker must hit the ball within the area (semicircle).
The duration of the match is two times of 35 minutes each, controlled by a countdown, so that when necessary, it can be stopped. This is another difference with football , a sport in which time continues to run if there is, for example, an injury. In addition, in field hockey you can make as many player changes as necessary, with the same player being able to leave and re-enter. When time is stopped, only players can leave, but replacements cannot enter.
On the other hand, the penalty and penalty corner are the only plays that do not stop when playing time ends. That is, even with the time expired, the game does not end until the penalty kick is taken, or if it was a penalty corner, until there is a goal, the ball leaves the five yards that surround the area, goes out twice from the area or a new penalty corner is produced (which must be played under the same conditions as the previous one). Players who do not serve must stay five yards ahead or behind the ball, and the player who does not serve may not touch the ball twice in a row.
Field hockey is an Olympic discipline. Currently the world and Olympic champion in men is Germany , who is also first in the world ranking of countries, while in the female version, the world and Olympic champions are Las Leonas ” Argentina’s Field Hockey Women’s National Team “. Retrieved January 24 , 2011 .
In addition, in field hockey there are different types of sticks, some of which are wider than others depending on the player’s preference and always abiding by the stick regulation.
Ice Hockey
It is played with a hard rubber disc (called puck in English and rondelle in French) with the help of ice bladed skates.
Players can control the puck using a long baton with a curved blade at one end (stick), being able to kick the puck, except to score a goal. If the puck is in the air, players can touch the puck with an open hand to place it on the ground.
Normally it is played with a goalkeeper and five field players: two defenders (defensemen), two forwards (right wing and left wing), and a central (center). The goalkeeper uses special protective equipment and stands in front of the net, allowing him to immobilize the puck with his hands, his stick, or his body.
Given the intensity of this sport, substitutions of players are allowed continuously during the game. Being a sport with a lot of physical contact, where clashes between players occur (hits or body checks in English, coup or mise en échec in French), it has earned a reputation for violence among the general public. The fights (fightings in English, bagarre in French) are not allowed but when they happen the referees will stop them when they have the opportunity, at the end of the fight the referees decide the sanctions due for each player who participated in the fight.
Modern ice hockey was invented in 1853 or 1860 by English soldiers stationed in Canada. The rules were established by students at McGill University, in Montreal , Quebec , in 1879 , and by the late 1880s, various teams or clubs and leagues had established in Canada. The sport is believed to have been first played in the United States in 1893. By the early 1900s the game had spread to Europe . Today ice hockey is practiced in more than 30 countries, especially in the United States, Scandinavia and the former USSR. It is the national sport of Canada.
A game full of tough actions, ice hockey is considered one of the fastest sports. It is played on natural or artificial ice on a rink with standard dimensions of 61 m by 25.5 m with the angles finished. The track is surrounded by a 1.22 m high fence. Two goals of 1.22 m high by 1.83 m wide are located at the ends of the court no more than 4.57 m from the limits of the same. The playing area is divided by two blue lines into three equal areas. A red line divides the track in half. The closest zone to a team’s goal is the defense zone, the central zone is called the neutral zone and the zone furthest from the goal is the attack zone. The track has five confrontation circles, each with a radius of 4.6 m,one in the center and two in each defense zone.
In 2009 a new hockey regulation was created, this consists of having a faster game. When a foul is committed, the ball is automatically left in place and the opposing player makes a self pass to play. If the fault is on the area, the play is stopped and it is taken out of it. The ball cannot enter the area if it did not travel out of it 5 meters, after doing so you can enter and continue with the play. Any lateral foul, or exit can be done alone, after having made two consecutive touches with a distance of not less than one meter. Those fouls or laterals that must be made between the 25-yard lines can enter the area with a direct shot, while those that must be made between the 25-yard lines and the baseline cannot enter directly
Ice hockey equipment
- Toronto Maple Leafs
- Montreal Canadiens
- New York Rangers
- Barcelona Soccer Club
- Edmonton oilers
Male hockey
Men’s hockey first appeared on the Olympic program in 1908 , and has been around since reinstatement in 1920 .
Female hockey
In 1980, women’s hockey acquired the rank of Olympic sport. In the Sydney 2000 Games, 12 men’s hockey teams and 10 women’s hockey teams participated, 2 more teams than in the 1996 edition.
Rules
Two teams of 11 players, including a goalkeeper, try to score the most goals in the opposing team’s goal. The goalkeeper can touch the ball with any part of the body as long as he is within the goal area.
The game
The game consists of 2 halves of 35 minutes each. The team in possession of the ball tries to advance towards the opposing goal while the defending team tries to prevent it and take it away. Substitutions are allowed, and substituted players can rejoin the game.
The serves
The kickoff is taken at the start of each period and to restart the game after scoring a goal.
The throw-in is taken when the ball goes off the sideline. Take the opposing team from above the line.
The faceoff is taken when play must be resumed after a foul by both teams, or due to a pause caused by external reasons. The referee chooses the service point, which has to be at least 14.6 meters from the end line. The ball is placed on the grass and one player from each team alternately hits the grass and the stick three times before putting the ball in play. The other players must be at least 5 meters apart.
Corner and Corner Penalty
The corner occurs when a defending player unintentionally sends the ball down the back line. To serve an offensive player, place the ball at a point about 5 meters from the corner on the baseline. When the defender voluntarily sends the ball over the back line, a corner penalty occurs in which a player from the offensive team takes the ball from a point on the line 9 meters from the nearest goal post. Defenders can place up to 5 players under goal, including the goalkeeper, to try to prevent the shot. The attackers stand outside the goal area line to receive the ball from their partner and shoot on goal.
Penalty Kick
It happens when a defender commits a foul, intentional or not, inside the goal area to avoid a goal. An offensive player throws the ball located 6.4 meters from the goal, defended exclusively by the goalkeeper.
The goal
It is achieved when the ball completely crosses the goal line in the goal. To be valid, the shot must be taken from within the goal area. A goal is also awarded directly if the goalkeeper causes a penalty kick.
The cards
Faced with intentional fouls, dangerous games, or misconduct, the referees (there are two, usually one in each half of the field) may show a different colored card depending on the severity of the offense
green: serves as a warning.
yellow: expulsion for 5 minutes from the field of play.
red: definitive expulsion from the party.
equipment
- Hockey is played on a field 91.4 m long and 55 m wide; the dimensions of the goals are 3.66 m wide and 2.14 m high.
- Ball: Previously it was made of leather; it is currently made of hard plastic. The diameter ranges from 7.13 cm to 7.5 cm. It has a weight of between 156 to 163 g. The external surface is alveolate.
- Stick or stick: Made of wood or composite, weighing between 340 and 737 gr., The long handle allows a good grip. It must have a curved part (paddle) with which the ball is hit. Players can only hit the ball with the flat side of the club or stick, including the handle.
- Gloves (goalkeeper): The goalkeeper uses a padded glove whose shape allows him to simultaneously grip the stick and protect his hand. In the free hand, the goalkeeper wears a blocker, a high-density foam glove with a smooth side so that the goalkeeper can throw the ball.
- Protections (goalkeeper): The goalkeeper is obliged to wear certain protections: mask, elbow pads, pastron, shin pads -light, high-density foam, to facilitate the rebounding of the ball- and protectors on the feet so that the player can hit the ball. ball with your foot.
- Shorts: In addition to the t-shirt, men wear shorts. Women preferably wear a short skirt (kilt).